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The Houston Independent School District (HISD) is the largest public school system in Texas, and the seventh-largest in the United States.〔(Houston ISD automates lunch ). ((Archive )) ''eSchool News online''〕 Houston ISD serves as a community school district for most of the city of Houston and several nearby and insular municipalities in addition to some unincorporated areas. Like most districts in Texas it is independent of the city of Houston and all other municipal and county jurisdictions. The district has its headquarters in the Hattie Mae White Educational Support Center (HMWESC) in Houston. In 2013, the school district was rated "met standards" by the Texas Education Agency.〔(【引用サイトリンク】2009 Accountability Rating System )〕 ==History== Houston ISD was established in the 1920s, after the Texas Legislature voted to separate school and municipal governments. Houston ISD replaced the Harrisburg School District. In the 1920s, at the time Edison Oberholtzer was superintendent, Hubert L. Mills, the business manager of the district, had immense political power in HISD. He had been in the employment of the district over one decade before Oberholtzer started. By the 1930s the two men were in a power struggle.〔Kirkland, p. (137 ).〕 The number of students in public schools in Houston increased from 5,500 in 1888 to over 8,850 in 1927.〔"Recent School History in Houston." ''(High Spots in Houston Public Schools )''. Houston Public Schools. Retrieved on January 24, 2010. Found at Gonzalez, J.R. "(1927 booklet gives snapshot of Houston schools )." ''Houston Chronicle''. December 30, 2009. Retrieved on January 24, 2010.〕 There were 8,293 students in Houston's schools for black students in the 1924-1925 school year.〔Kellar, p. (32 ) (Google Books PT13).〕 With the construction of the former Jack Yates High School (later Ryan Middle School) and other schools and Wheatley High School, the capacity of Houston's secondary schools for black children increased by three times from 1924 to 1929. The original secondary school for blacks, was Colored High School (now Booker T. Washington High School).〔Kellar, p. (31 ) (Google Books PT12).〕 At the time all three secondary schools had junior high and senior high levels. There were 12,217 students in the black schools in the 1929-1930 school year. William Henry Kellar, author of ''Make Haste Slowly: Moderates, Conservatives, and School Desegregation in Houston'', wrote that conditions in black schools "improved dramatically" in the 1920s.〔 Houston ISD absorbed portions of the White Oak Independent School District in 1937 and portions of the Addicks Independent School District after its dissolution. In the fall of 1960 12 black students were admitted to HISD schools previously reserved for whites.〔Malone, Cheryl Knott. "(Unannounced and Unexpected: The Desegregation of Houston Public Library in the Early 1950s )." ''Library Trends''. Volume 55, Number 3, Winter 2007. pp. 665-674. DOI: (10.1353/lib.2007.0015 ). (See profile at ) Researchgate. CITED: p. 666.〕 The racial integration efforts in HISD, beginning in 1960, were characterized by a lack of violence and turmoil as business leaders sought not to cause disruption. Prior to 1960 HISD was the largest racially segregated school system in the United States.〔Douglas, Davison M. "(Make Haste Slowly: Moderates, Conservatives, and School Desegregation in Houston )." ''The American Historical Review'', 06/2000, Vol.105(3), p.961 (Reviewed Journal ). Retrieved on November 15, 2015.〕 In the mid-1960s Gertrude Barnstone and Black board member Hattie Mae White, the sole politically liberal members of the school board, often clashed with more conservative board members in meetings held on Monday nights; the two women made efforts to racially integrate the schools.〔Alvarez, Olivia Flores. "(''Gertrude Barnstone: Home Movie'' Chronicles a Life Well Lived )." ''Houston Press''. Thursday November 5, 2015. Retrieved on November 12, 2015.〕 During the 1960s, HISD's school board instituted a phase-in with each subsequent grade being integrated. Local African-American leaders believed the pace was too slow, and William Lawson, a youth minister, asked Wheatley students to boycott school. Five days afterwards 10% of Wheatley students attended classes. In 1970 a federal judge asked the district to speed the integration process.〔Berryhill, Michael. "What's Wrong With Wheatley?." ''Houston Press''. April 17, 1997. (3 ). Retrieved on March 31, 2009.〕 Simultaneously Mexican Americans were being discriminated against when they were being labeled as whites and being put with only African Americans as part of HISD's desegregation / integration plan. This kept both Mexican Americans and African Americans away from Anglos while satisfying integration requirements set forth by the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education court case decision. Many Mexican Americans took their children out of the public schools and put them in "huelga," or protest schools.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=haOuu_tcc3kC&pg=PA46&lpg=PA46&dq=Many+Mexican+Americans+took+their+children+out+of+the+public+schools+and+put+them+in+%22huelga,%22+or+protest+schools&source=bl&ots=SU75N-kd5h&sig=UStub1QBFC137VISbNbzZxpzVJQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwBGoVChMI59ah_syHyAIVxSSOCh1yKQiD#v=onepage&q=Many%20Mexican%20Americans%20took%20their%20children%20out%20of%20the%20public%20schools%20and%20put%20them%20in%20%22huelga%2C%22%20or%20protest%20schools&f=false )〕 On August 31, 1970 and organized by the Mexican-American Education Council (MAEC), they began three weeks of boycotts, protests, and picketing. This action lasted approximately three weeks, during which up to 75% of the student bodies of some high schools participated in the boycotts. During the protests MAEC demanded twenty issues to be resolved and HISD began rezoning school areas within its jurisdiction in response. However, this rezoning encouraged "white flight" since minorities were now entering "white schools" in large numbers.〔Angela Valenzuela ''Subtractive Schooling: U.S.-Mexican Youth and the Politics of Caring (New York: State University of New York Press, 1999) p. 39-49〕 At first the district used forced busing, but later switched to a voluntary magnet school program in order to discourage "white flight".〔 The district eventually integrated races in a semi-peaceful manner. River Oaks Elementary School became the first school to implement the HISD's Vanguard Program in the Fall of 1972, with a program for 4th-6th graders. This program was initially named the Elementary School For The Gifted. The Vanguard Program name was adopted a year later. A desegregation busing plan, protested by Anglo White westside neighborhoods not wanting their children bused to predominately black schools, was rejected by the court system but white flight began by the 1970s.〔 In 1987 Olivia Munoz, the district's foreign language director, said that an increase in interest in foreign languages prompted the district to add foreign language languages to four high schools.〔"(LANGUAGES DRAWING STUDENTS Houston schools increase offerings to meet demands )." ''Associated Press'' at ''The Dallas Morning News''. Wednesday January 7, 1987. News 11B. Retrieved on November 28, 2011.〕 In 1992, the district, under superintendent Frank Petruzielo, massively rezoned Houston schools, moving students from overcrowded ones to underutilized ones. Donald R. McAdams, a former HISD school board member and author of ''Fighting to Save Our Urban Schools-- and Winning!: Lessons from Houston'', wrote that Petruzielo accomplished this goal with a minimum of press coverage and controversy by using a participative process that minimized conflict between various Houston neighborhoods.〔McAdams, p. (57 ).〕 McAdams credits the move with being the catalyst for the 1995 establishment of 11 geographic districts patterned around high school feeder patterns.〔 In 1994, after superintendent Petruzielo left the district, the school district voted 6-1 to make Yvonne Gonzalez the interim superintendent; the school district board members described this as a "symbolic" motion as Gonzalez was the first Hispanic interim superintendent. Gonzalez served until Rod Paige became the superintendent.〔Markley, Melanie. "(Hispanic named interim HISD superintendent )." ''Houston Chronicle''. Tuesday February 1, 1994. A17. Retrieved on November 12, 2011.〕〔Markley, Melanie. "(HISD interim leader a "symbolic' gesture )." ''Houston Chronicle''. Tuesday February 1, 1994. A19. Retrieved on November 11, 2011.〕 In the 1990s, after voters rejected a $390 million bond package, Paige contracted with The Varnett School, River Oaks Academy, and Wonderland School to house 250 students who could not be placed in HISD schools. The schools were paid $3,565 per student. This was 10% lower than the district's own per pupil cost.〔Eggers, William D. "(Alternatives House Student Overflow )." ''Bridge News'' at the ''Lakeland Ledger''. Friday October 3, 1997. A9. Retrieved on November 22, 2011.〕 In 2011 the Texas Education Agency ordered the North Forest Independent School District (NFISD) to close, pending approval from the U.S. Justice Department. NFISD would be merged into HISD.〔"(Texas Education Commissioner Orders HISD to Annex North Forest ISD )." ((Archive )) Houston Independent School District. November 11, 2011. Retrieved on November 12, 2011.〕 As of 2007 several existing HISD schools were converting to K-8 school setups while other new K-8 schools were opening. Prior to the bond election in November 2007, the district abandoned a proposal to convert several schools into K-8 campuses due to African American neighborhoods communities resisting proposed school consolidations.〔Radcliffe, Jennifer. "(HISD transitioning some campuses to K-8 )." ''Houston Chronicle''. December 31, 2007. Retrieved on April 9, 2013.〕 On June 13, 2013 the HISD board voted unanimously to absorb the North Forest Independent School District (NFISD).〔"(HISD trustees OK North Forest annexation ) after the Texas Education Agency ordered it to do so. ''Houston Chronicle''. June 13, 2013. Retrieved on June 15, 2013.〕 HISD won the Broad Prize in 2013.〔"(HISD wins big education prize )." ''Houston Chronicle''. Wednesday September 25, 2013. Retrieved on September 26, 2013.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Houston Independent School District」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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